A long-lived, globally available natural ULF/ELF signal, the Schumann Resonance signal, was investigated as the possible plausible biophysical mechanism for the observed S-GMA effects. It is found that the Schumann Resonance signal is extremely highly correlated with S-GMA indices of sunspot number and the Kp index.The Schumann Resonance signal provides a brain frequency range matching electromagnetic signal, providing the synchronization needed for intelligence. It's been shown that Schumann Resonance is an important aspect in the modulation of human health and assists the sun and maintaing the circadian ryhthm.Feb 22, 2022 · 100% Pure Schumann Resonance recorded on 2/22/22 🙏 Best with headphones :) !#schumann #schumannresonance #schumannfrequency #8hz This is a powerful 2/22/22 ... [1] The life and work of Winfried Otto Schumann and the historical development of the main ideas leading to the hypothesis of Earth-ionosphere cavity electromagnetic oscillations are reviewed. The so-called Schumann resonances are a set of frequencies of electromagnetic waves in the natural cavity formed by a planet's …The Schumann resonances (SR) are a set of spectrum peaks in the extremely low frequency portion of the Earth's electromagnetic field spectrum. Schumann resonances are global electromagnetic resonances, generated and excited by lightning discharges in the cavity formed by the Earth's surface and the ionosphere. Description The global …PDF | On Dec 30, 2017, A. F. Alrais and others published Schumann Resonances and Their Potential Applications: a Review Article | Find, read and cite all the research you need on ResearchGateSchumann resonances occur because the space between the surface of the earth and the conductive ionosphere acts as a closed waveguide. This waveguide acts as a resonant cavity for electromagnetic waves. Schumann resonances appear as distinct peaks at extremely low frequencies starting around 7.8 hertz, which is considered the …Aquí nos gustaría mostrarte una descripción, pero el sitio web que estás mirando no lo permite.Schumann resonances are global electromagnetic resonances, generated and excited by lightning discharges in the cavity formed by the Earth's surface and the ionosphere. A community of people like to keep an eye on the Schumann. This is a simple way to quickly check where it is. Updated on. Aug 27, 2023.- Interesting Engineering. Schumann Resonance: Does Earth’s 7.83 Hz “Heartbeat” Influence Our Behavior? Yes, the earth has … Schumann resonances are electromagnetic resonances of our planet. They can be found in the space between the earth's surface and the ionosphere. They are ver... Schumann resonance amplitudes have also been determined with high time resolution (~52 values/hour; each of them from time windows of 40 s) by Sátori et al. . Between sunrise in the ionosphere and on the ground, and during all seasons, sudden frequency-dependent increases (12-25 %) were observed in the amplitudes of the first …The Schumann Resonances (ScR) are Extremely Low Frequency (ELF) electromagnetic resonances in the Earth-ionosphere cavity excited by global lightning discharges. This natural electromagnetic noise ...Scientific explanation . There is evidence that Schumann resonance, an electromagnetic vibration in the atmosphere, plays a role in healing and health. Below you will find the evidence and explanations. The pineal gland is sensitive to electromagnetic fields in the ELF (extremely low frequency, 1-100 Hz) range.The Schumann resonance is a set of electromagnetic oscillations that originate from earth. One of them currently resonates at an average of 7.83Hz and not 8 Hz. which if multiplied by 55 gives us an A=430.65 Hz. Close, but no cigar. Astronomers at Stanford have recorded super sonic oscillations from the sun at around 5.964 GHz.Help support this channel on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/crysknife007Tired of the ads and want this on your music player?Get the sound here: https://che...Schumann resonance is about half that observed on the ground despite a quite small atmospheric conductivity in the troposphere. [13] A larger question is why wave energy associated with the Schumann resonances is detected at all in the ionosphere, particularly above the F‐peak. As the spherical cavity wave-Jan 11, 2012 · Some of the waves - if they have just the right wavelength - combine, increasing in strength, to create a repeating atmospheric heartbeat known as Schumann resonance. This resonance provides a useful tool to analyze Earth's weather, its electric environment, and to even help determine what types of atoms and molecules exist in Earth's atmosphere. Schumann resonances are global electromagnetic resonances, generated and excited by lightning discharges in the cavity formed by the Earth's surface and the ionosphere. A community of people like to keep an eye on the Schumann. This is a simple way to quickly check where it is. Updated on. Aug 27, 2023.Schumann Resonance Today 24/7 Live Graph (schumann resonance live) The graph is updated every 15 minutes. Local time is expressed in Tomsk (Russia) Summer Time (TLDV). TLDV = UTC + -- hours. Image 1 - Schumann resonance.The Schumann resonance signal provides a brain frequency range matching the electromagnetic signal, providing a persistent synchronization system needed for stabilizing the brain . During the neonatal or infancy period, the human brain waves are predominated by slow waves, and their frequency gradually increases with growth and …Cherry, N. Schumann Resonances, a plausible biophysical mechanism for the human health effects of Solar/Geomagnetic Activity. Natural Hazards 26 , 279–331 (2002). Article Google ScholarAs these waves combine and strengthen, they create a global electromagnetic resonance. This phenomenon was first predicted in the 1950s by German physicist W.O. Schumann, and the first reliable measurements of it were made in the early 1960s. Since that time the phenomenon has proven useful in a variety of scientific studies.Abstract. This chapter is concerned with the Earth’s Schumann resonances (SR) and their application to understanding global lightning. The natural electromagnetic waves in the SR frequency range (5 Hz to approx. 60 Hz) radiated by lightning discharges are contained by the Earth-ionosphere cavity.Aug 23, 2019 · The Schumann resonance is the pulse of Mother Earth. This “heartbeat” refers to the frequency of the electromagnetic field of the Earth. Professor Schumann is credited with the discovery, but ... Understanding the Schumann Resonance. Often referred to as "Earth's heartbeat," the Schumann Resonance encompasses extremely low-frequency (ELF) quasi-standing electromagnetic waves. These waves resonate within the space between the Earth's surface and the ionosphere, creating a symphony of energy that permeates our planet. Decoding SR Graphs ... Schumann Resonance Today 24/7 Live Graph (schumann resonance live) The graph is updated every 15 minutes. Local time is expressed in Tomsk (Russia) Summer Time (TLDV). TLDV = UTC + -- hours. Image 1 - Schumann resonance.Schumann Resonance. 76,050 likes · 16,523 talking about this. Schumann Resonance • Structured Water • Hertz Frequencies • MemesThe Schumann resonances (SR) are a set of spectrum peaks in the extremely low frequency portion of the Earth's electromagnetic field spectrum. Schumann resonances are global electromagnetic resonances, generated and excited by lightning discharges in the cavity formed by the Earth's surface and the ionosphere. Description The global …Schumann resonance (SR) is an electromagnetic extremely low frequency (ELF) phenomenon that occurs in the natural cavity formed by the Earth's surface and …May 6, 2020 · Please Share, Like and Subscribe! 😊 👍 What creates the Schumann Resonances? Where are they? How are they measured? Lots of images and information in a shor... 1.3 Experimental Evidences of Schumann Resonance Phenomenon. Experimental evidences of Schumann Resonance phenomena came later. Gradually more realistic analytical models were developed on the basis of (A) the in-homogeneities due to asymmetry of the day and night time ionosphere, (B) variations of conductivity of the …The Schumann resonances (or frequencies) are quasi-standing electromagnetic waves that exist in the cavity (or space) between the surface of the Earth and the ionosphere. In 1952, German physicist Professor Winfried Otto Schumann of the Technical University of Munich began attempting to answer whether the Earth itself has …May 6, 2020 · Please Share, Like and Subscribe! 😊 👍 What creates the Schumann Resonances? Where are they? How are they measured? Lots of images and information in a shor... Earth Information Center. For more than 50 years, NASA satellites have provided data on Earth's land, water, air, temperature, and climate. NASA's Earth Information Center allows visitors to see how our planet is changing in six key areas: sea level rise and coastal impacts, health and air quality, wildfires, greenhouse gases, sustainable energy, and …The Schumann Resonances are a set of spectrum peaks in the extremely low frequency (ELF) portion of the Earth's electromagnetic field, which is similar to say that these pulses are the heartbeat of the planet. For this reason, most people will be extremely open to conduct these waves of Electromagnetic Signaling through their Bio-Neurology that ...Schumann resonances are global electromagnetic resonances, generated and excited by lightning discharges in the cavity formed by the Earth's surface and the ionosphere. This global electromagnetic resonance phenomenon is named after physicist Winfried Otto Schumann who predicted it mathematically in 1952. Schumann …Jan 11, 2012 · Some of the waves - if they have just the right wavelength - combine, increasing in strength, to create a repeating atmospheric heartbeat known as Schumann resonance. This resonance provides a useful tool to analyze Earth's weather, its electric environment, and to even help determine what types of atoms and molecules exist in Earth's atmosphere. The Schumann Resonance is a global electromagnetic resonance named by physicist Winfried Otto Schumann who predicted it mathematically in 1952. The Schumann resonance is the pulse of …Feb 7, 2019 · The real Schumann Resonance signal is a superposition of many individual time-delayed signals and is therefore very different from the pure coherent experimental sine. Hence this deduction is not ... It is believed that an asteroid/comet impact 65 million years ago ended the dinosaur era. The researchers named the corresponding impact crater Chicxulub, the Mayan word roughly translated as “the dragon's tail.”. We estimate the expected magnitudes of the Schumann resonance fields immediately after the Chicxulub impact …Align with the healing vibration of the earth. This Schumann Resonance Meditation will help you connect to the earth’s breathing with alpha-theta waves of 7...Schumann resonance. SR is a background stationary electromagnetic noise that propagates in the cavity between the earth surface and the lower boundary of the ionosphere at altitudes of 45–50 km, in the frequency range between 5 and 50 Hz [3,14,27–29]. The phenomenon was named after W.O. Schumann who first predicted …Constructive interference of lightning-generated signals in the extremely low frequency (ELF) below 100 Hz is the source of a global electromagnetic phenomenon in the Earth’s atmosphere known as Schumann Resonances (SR). SR are excited at frequencies of 7.8, 14, 20, 26, … Hz, and their diurnal and seasonal intensity variations are largely …The hypothesis promoted here is that the Schumann Resonance (SR) signal is the plausible biophysical mechanism to link the S-GMA levels to biological and human health …Schumann's Resonance 7.83 Hz - Isochronic Tones Embedded Into Relaxing Nature Sounds & Music . Binaural Institute. NEW AGE · 2012 . Preview. September 1, 2012 8 Songs, 2 hours, 30 minutes ℗ 2012 Binaural Institute. Also available in the iTunes Store . More By Binaural Institute .DC 5V Schumann Resonance 7.83HZ Ultra-Low Frequency Pulse Generator Schumann Wave Generator Audio Resonator for Relax Sleep, Improving Body's Perception of Sound and Images. 3.3 out of 5 stars. 28. $34.99 $ 34. 99. Typical: $36.99 $36.99. 5% coupon applied at checkout Save 5% with coupon.The Schumann resonance signal is a globally and continuous available the ELF modulated, radiating signal sourced from tropical thunderstorms and propagating around the world in the resonant cavity created between the ionosphere and the earth’s surface. Human, mammal, animal, fish, bird, and reptile brains had involved in a globalFeb 22, 2022 · 100% Pure Schumann Resonance recorded on 2/22/22 🙏 Best with headphones :) !#schumann #schumannresonance #schumannfrequency #8hz This is a powerful 2/22/22 ... A long-lived, globally available natural ULF/ELF signal, the Schumann Resonance signal, was investigated as the possible plausible biophysical mechanism for the observedS-GMA effects. It is found that the Schumann Resonance signal is extremely highly correlated with S-GMA indices of sunspot number and the Kp index.We reasoned that if this resonance pattern within the human brain was normally distributed, certain individuals should show elevations in the spectral density of the Schumann resonance. Thus, we computed a measure of Schumann intensity by multiplying the spectral density of the mean of 7–8 Hz, 13–14 Hz and 19–20 Hz spectral … A long-lived, globally available natural ULF/ELF signal, the Schumann Resonance signal, was investigated as the possible plausible biophysical mechanism for the observed S-GMA effects. It is found that the Schumann Resonance signal is extremely highly correlated with S-GMA indices of sunspot number and the Kp index. Because of these experiments, we understand that it is not simply exposure to light, but also exposure to the earth's Schumann Resonance that contributes to a healthy day/night pattern. This helps to make sense of why connecting to the global electrical grid at night — via grounding — helps to normalize sleep at night and boost daytime …The Earth behaves like a gigantic electric circuit. Its electromagnetic field surrounds and protects all living things with a natural frequency pulsation of 7.83 hertz on average — the so-called “Schumann resonance,” named after physicist Dr. Winfried Otto Schumann, who predicted it mathematically in 1952. allowing the Schumann resonance standing waves to exist[2]. The Schumann resonances propagate in the horizontal direction with a vertical electric eld and horizontal magnetic eld[3]. Vertical antennas and horizontally aligned magnetometers are used to detect the electric eld and magnetic eld components of the Schumann resonances[4]. The ... Introducing the Schumann resonance. Schumann Institute Netherlands shares universal knowledge in the field of health and consciousness intended for all of humanity and offers courses, presentations, events, and coaching in this field as support. In this way, we contribute to the awakening of humanity and create a new field of consciousness and ...This extremely low EM field is known as the Schumann Resonance. It encircles the earth, vibrating at the frequency of exactly 7.83 Hz and creating a repeating beat. However, it does fluctuate from time to time. The highest we’ve reached so far was 36 Hz in 2017. Schumann Resonances Readings.Schumann's Resonance 7.83 Hz - Isochronic Tones Embedded Into Relaxing Nature Sounds & Music . Binaural Institute. NEW AGE · 2012 . Preview. September 1, 2012 8 Songs, 2 hours, 30 minutes ℗ 2012 Binaural Institute. Also available in the iTunes Store . More By Binaural Institute .Jan 20, 2021 · - Interesting Engineering. Schumann Resonance: Does Earth’s 7.83 Hz “Heartbeat” Influence Our Behavior? Yes, the earth has a heartbeat, and scientists theorize that it could affect brain and... The remarkably effective RR-888 treats the room. It assists in creating a volume of air that better helps audio reach its potential. Absent the RR-888 or IPC array, the audio system, albeit good, is impeded. To say it again, the RR-888 creates – or, better, allows for – an enriched and expansive soundfield.German physicist Winifred Otto Schumann discovered the Schumann Resonance. The frequency of these resonances is 7.83 Hz which is also the frequency of alpha/theta …Schumann Resonance Updates With Marguerite . 26,442 likes · 9,615 talking about this. A gathering of beautiful souls sharing & watching the Schumann Resonance. Schumann Resonance Updates With Marguerite . 18,243 likes · 6,242 talking about this. A gathering of beautiful souls sharing ...Schumann resonance. SR is a background stationary electromagnetic noise that propagates in the cavity between the earth surface and the lower boundary of the ionosphere at altitudes of 45–50 km, in the frequency range between 5 and 50 Hz [3,14,27–29]. The phenomenon was named after W.O. Schumann who first predicted …Jan 11, 2012 · Some of the waves - if they have just the right wavelength - combine, increasing in strength, to create a repeating atmospheric heartbeat known as Schumann resonance. This resonance provides a useful tool to analyze Earth's weather, its electric environment, and to even help determine what types of atoms and molecules exist in Earth's atmosphere. Mar 10, 2023 · It is also linked to the normal functioning of the human brain and body. While research on the benefits of Schumann resonance is ongoing, multiple studies suggest that the Schumann frequency of 7.83 Hz positively affects human health and well-being. It has been linked to improved cognitive functions, reduced stress and anxiety, enhanced immune ... Schumann discovered that this electromagnetic field oscillates at a resonant frequency of 7 to 10 beats per second. The highest-intensity waves of the Schumann Resonance occur at a frequency of 7.83 Hz. This is the Earth's "heartbeat". How interesting it is that this frequency is identical to the optimal functioning of the human brain waves.In the observed radiation spectrum, attributes of Schumann resonances were detected at frequencies of 7.83 Hz, 14.1 Hz, and 20.3 Hz. Researchers from HSE University, ...Schumann resonance is about half that observed on the ground despite a quite small atmospheric conductivity in the troposphere. [13] A larger question is why wave energy associated with the Schumann resonances is detected at all in the ionosphere, particularly above the F‐peak. As the spherical cavity wave-Nov 10, 2018 · The Schumann Resonance is a global electromagnetic resonance named by physicist Winfried Otto Schumann who predicted it mathematically in 1952. The official description from Wikipedia is-. “The Schumann resonances (SR) are a set of spectrum peaks in the extremely low frequency (ELF) portion of the Earth’s electromagnetic field spectrum. The Schumann resonances (SR) are a set of spectrum peaks in the extremely low frequency (ELF) portion of the Earth's electromagnetic field spectrum. Schumann resonances are global electromagnetic resonances, excited by lightning discharges in the cavity formed by the Earth's surface and the ionosphere. Source. Registration-Inscripción.Download this audio @:https://free-binaural-beats.com/binaural-beats/432hz-schumanns/Free Binaural Beats Presents - 432Hz~ Schumann's Resonance ~Pure Tone Me...Scientific explanation. What is the Schumann Resonance? Schumann resonances are peaks in the ELF part of the electromagnetic spectrum that occur in the Earth’s …Jun 12, 2018 · Mother Earth’s natural heartbeat rhythm is the frequency of 7.83 Hz, also known as the “Schumann Resonance". A 7.83 Hz frequency is an alpha/theta brainwave frequency in the human brain. Alpha/Theta brainwave frequency is relaxed, dreamy, sleepy state, that is also when cell regeneration and healing happens. It is no surprise that people ... The Schumann Resonance Frequencies are plural. "This global electromagnetic resonance phenomenon is named after physicist Winfried Otto Schumann who predicted it mathematically in 1952. Schumann resonances occur because the space between the surface of the Earth and the conductive ionosphere acts as a closed waveguide.2 days ago · Schumann Resonance Today 17/4 17:00 Another phase of strong activity began just before 14 UTC, the Primary Frequency had already fallen to values close to the minimum but since it was the only one, there were mainly moderate peaks of the Quality; the situation changed, as mentioned, around 14 UTC when the remaining frequencies also had a rapid ... The Schumann Resonance From Wikipedia: “The Schumann resonances (SR) are a set of spectrum peaks in the extremely low frequency (ELF) portion of the Earth’s electromagnetic field spectrum. Schumann resonances are global electromagnetic resonances, excited by lightning discharges in the cavity formed by the Earth’s surface …7.83 Hz | Schumann Resonance Music, Powerful Healing Frequency of Earth's Magnetic Field. ~ My other channels: Sub Bass Meditation Music https://www.youtub...[1] Using electric field measurements gathered on the C/NOFS satellite, we report, Schumann resonance signatures detected in space, well beyond the upper boundary of the resonant cavity formed by the earth's surface and the lower edge of the ionosphere. The resonances are routinely observed in the satellite ELF data during …The Schumann resonance is a set of electromagnetic wave harmonics of ultra-low frequency (<100 Hz) that are created naturally on Earth by high-energy phenomenon such as lightning and solar energy events. The human brain generates brainwaves of the same frequency and amplitude as the Schumann resonance, and magnetosomes in the brain …2 days ago · Schumann Resonance Today 17/4 17:00 Another phase of strong activity began just before 14 UTC, the Primary Frequency had already fallen to values close to the minimum but since it was the only one, there were mainly moderate peaks of the Quality; the situation changed, as mentioned, around 14 UTC when the remaining frequencies also had a rapid ... Schumannn resonances. The existence of such resonant electromagnetic waves was predicted mathematically in 1952 by W. O. Schumann, a German physicist. Schumann was interested in the frequencies of the resonant waves, that is, how many times they oscillate per second (measured in hertz, where 1Hz is one oscillation per …Schumann resonances are the horizontal bands that appear at ~7.8 ; ~14.4 ; ~21.7 ; ~27.1 ; ~33.3 Hz. Horizontal bands not at those points are Quality readings. Schumann resonances are resonant harmonics, and not a propagating frequency.Share your videos with friends, family, and the worldSchumann's Resonance 7.83 Hz - Isochronic Tones Embedded Into Relaxing Nature Sounds & Music . Binaural Institute. NEW AGE · 2012 . Preview. September 1, 2012 8 Songs, 2 hours, 30 minutes ℗ 2012 Binaural Institute. Also available in the iTunes Store . More By Binaural Institute .Schumann resonances are the horizontal bands that appear at ~7.8 ; ~14.4 ; ~21.7 ; ~27.1 ; ~33.3 Hz. Horizontal bands not at those points are Quality readings. Schumann resonances are resonant harmonics, and not a propagating frequency.Feb 7, 2020 · Scientists had thought Schumann resonance was confined within the atmosphere and could only be observed from the planet's surface. Using NASA's Vector Electric Field Instrument (VEFI) aboard a U.S. Air Force satellite, scientists recently discovered that energy from the resonance sometimes leaks beyond Earth and can be detected from above, providing a new tool to analyze the chemical and ... Aug 15, 2023 · The Schumann resonance is a fascinating natural phenomenon that encompasses a range of frequencies within the Earth’s upper atmosphere. While the fundamental frequency of 7.83 Hz is often associated with this resonance, it is only one component of a complex electromagnetic spectrum. Help support this channel on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/crysknife007Tired of the ads and want this on your music player?Get the sound here: https://che...Aquí nos gustaría mostrarte una descripción, pero el sitio web que estás mirando no lo permite.
Schumann Resonance. Key Takeaways. The Schumann Resonances are a set of frequencies produced by electromagnetic waves in Earth's lower ionosphere. The …. Lax to bos flights
How to read the Schumann Resonance Graph. Newsletter. Email Address* First name* Last name. Universal Being: 432 HERTZ Music by Geert Huinink: Short Schumann exercise: Play Video. Integration Schumann resonance: Play Video. Schumann Institute Netherlands. Hoofdstraat W2 9951 AB Winsum.It is believed that an asteroid/comet impact 65 million years ago ended the dinosaur era. The researchers named the corresponding impact crater Chicxulub, the Mayan word roughly translated as “the dragon's tail.”. We estimate the expected magnitudes of the Schumann resonance fields immediately after the Chicxulub impact …The Schumann Resonance has the same frequency—recall 7.83 Hz—as these brainwaves, signaling that Earth's natural frequency can be a state of relaxation for us. However, with all the technology and activity that disrupts that frequency, we don’t really get to enjoy that natural activity.Jun 12, 2018 · Mother Earth’s natural heartbeat rhythm is the frequency of 7.83 Hz, also known as the “Schumann Resonance". A 7.83 Hz frequency is an alpha/theta brainwave frequency in the human brain. Alpha/Theta brainwave frequency is relaxed, dreamy, sleepy state, that is also when cell regeneration and healing happens. It is no surprise that people ... The Schumann Resonance and Human Health. The Schumann Resonance is a natural electromagnetic frequency that exists between the Earth's surface and the ionosphere. It was first discovered by German physicist Winfried Otto Schumann in 1952. The resonance is created by lightning strikes and other electrical discharges in the atmosphere, which ... 24 Hours Ago Now. ›› Global Consciousness Project. Top Bursts. Highs. Lows. Explore the heartbeat of the earth, discover our Schumann Resonance data collection (since 04/2021).Schumann resonances. A Schumann resonance is a resonant frequency of a set of several Extremely Low Frequency (ELF) oscillations of the Earth 's electromagnetic field between the ground and reflective regions of the ionosphere, triggered by lightning. Category: Physics.Global lightning produces Schumann resonance modes, which are trapped in the Earth-ionospheric waveguide. As there are approximately 50-100 lightning flashes per second around the globe, the variability of the intensity of the Schumann resonances represents a continuous measure of the variability of global lightning activity which is dependent on …7.83 Hz Schumann Resonance Frequency - Earth's Ohm, Healing Theta Binaural Beats. ~ My other channels: Sub Bass Meditation Music https: ...Schumann Resonances on Titan received more attention than on other celestial bodies. Schumann Resonances on Titan were studied by Besser et al. [2002], Morente et al. [2003], Molina-Cuberos et al. [2004], Nickolaenko et al. [2003] and Pechony and Price [2004]. It appears that only the first Schumann Resonance mode might be detectable …Schumann resonance (SR) is an electromagnetic resonance phenomenon in the Earth–ionosphere cavity exited by global lightning activities when the wavelength matches the circumference of the Earth, and the lowest four peak frequencies of SR are about 8, 14, 20, and 26 Hz. This article presents the new observational data of SR in …Recent Advances and Challenges in Schumann Resonance Observations and Research. by. Jinlai Liu. 1,2, Jianping Huang. 1,2,3,*, Zhong Li. 3, Zhengyu Zhao. 4, …Schumann Resonance - Earths Vibrational Frequency - 7.83 Hz - Binaural Beats MeditationMagnetic Minds:This video contains Theta Binaural Beats which pulse at....