Sprinkle baking soda onto a damp cloth or sponge. Gently scrub the stainless steel surfaces, following the grain. Rinse the cloth or sponge and wipe away any residue. Dampen a clean cloth with vinegar and wipe down the stainless steel surface. Finally, buff the surface with a dry cloth for a streak-free shine.How to clean a garbage disposal with soap, baking soda and vinegar. Use a sponge and dish soap to clean the disposal baffle and around the drain. Scrub around the top of the grinding chamber, too ...Apr 30, 2019 · Lots of readers ask about the pressure created during the vinegar/baking soda reaction and wonder if it will force a drain clog out. The answer is yes and no. Yes, when baking soda and vinegar are combined the chemical reaction produces carbon dioxide gas (CO 2 ) which creates pressure in a closed container. The combination of vinegar and baking soda begins to fizz and helps break up any congealed grease in your drain. Pour one cup of baking soda and then two cups of white vinegar down your drain and wait 10 minutes. Flush it away with hot water and then repeat the process if needed.Remove your sink's drain cover and give it a rinse to get rid of any large pieces of debris. Grab a bowl or container and fill it with enough vinegar to cover the …1. Pick out debris around the stopper by hand. If you can see visible buildup and debris around the drain stopper, put on a pair of rubber cleaning gloves and try to pick the pieces out by hand. Remove the stopper, and wipe the inside of the sink drain with a paper towel to clear out as much gunk as you can. [16] 2.Dec 3, 2019 · Vinegar contains acid which neutralizes odor, cuts through grease, and helps disinfect. By heating up (but not boiling) four cups of vinegar, pouring half down the drain, running the water for a minute, and then pouring the remaining vinegar down the drain, you can help eliminate smells and smaller clogs. Baking Soda & Vinegar. Baking soda; Vinegar; Boiling water; Measuring cups; A rag or drain stopper; Step 2: Clear the Drain. You’ll need to keep drains clean while you’re using this home remedy …If the vinegar and baking soda solution did not work for your drains, bond cleaners in Brisbane, recommend using salt instead. To do this, pour dish soap and hot water down the drain and add 1 cup of baking soda. Next, add ½ cup of salt to your drain and use a stopper to let this solution work overnight. You can clear the drain in the morning ...Jul 18, 2023 · If your sink has standing water, use a bucket to eliminate as much as possible. Pour 1/2 cup of baking soda down the drain. Pour 1/2 cup of vinegar into the drain slowly. Immediately cover the drain with a clean cloth or drain plug to enhance the effectiveness of the foaming action. Boil two cups of water and pour it down the drain. Pour two bottle caps of dish soap down the drain. Pour one cup of baking soda down the drain. Pour one cup of vinegar down the drain. Allow the drain to sit for five minutes. Pour two cups of boiling water down the drain. Repeat as necessary.Jan 30, 2024 · 1 cup baking soda. tb1234. Remove the drain filter from the bottom of the dishwasher and wash it in the kitchen sink with warm water and dish soap. Replace the filter and pour white vinegar into a dishwasher-safe bowl. Sprinkle the baking soda on the floor of the dishwasher and place the vinegar bowl on the top rack. Oct 27, 2022 · Oven cleaner and remove caked-on grease on pans: Sprinkle baking soda on metal pans or surfaces and top with boiling vinegar. Let the mixture sit for 30 minutes. Wipe with a wet sponge. Kill mildew in laundry, particularly towels: Add half a cup of baking soda with the laundry detergent. Mar 24, 2015 · How To Clean A Stinky Drain. Make a homemade drain cleaner by following these steps: Step 1: Mix 1/2 cup baking soda with 1/4 cup table salt. Step 2: Pour the mixture down the drain. Step 3: Pour 1 cup heated vinegar down your drain; the concoction is going to foam and bubble. Step 4: Let the solution stand for 15 minutes (longer does not work ... Pour ½ cup baking soda down the drain, then follow with 1 cup apple cider vinegar. The combo will fizz and foam like a science fair experiment—minus the food coloring. The foam helps break down gunk in drains, while the baking soda and ACV deodorizes stinky odors. Wait at least 15 …Make and Spread a Paste. In a small bowl, combine one-half cup of baking soda with two tablespoons of water (use more or less) to create a spreadable paste. Use a sponge or paintbrush to spread the paste liberally on all of the surfaces of the oven except the heating elements. You may need to make a second batch …If it's still stinky, go ahead and add another half. Keep going until it smells nice. How to Clean a Garbage Disposal with Baking Soda and Vinegar. Baking soda and vinegar are pretty much the answers to every cleaning prayer. Pour a half cup of baking soda in the disposal and then add a chaser of a cup of …Sprinkle a half-cup of baking soda into the opening of the garbage disposal. Pour in a cup of white vinegar and allow it to sit for 10 minutes. Turn on the garbage disposal and allow hot water to rinse away the baking soda mixture. As an alternative to baking soda and vinegar, use chopped citrus peels. Cut up a …Clean and Freshen the Drain . Remove odors and small amounts of debris clinging to the sides of the dishwasher drain: Add 1/4 cup of baking soda to the drain. Then, pour 1/2 cup of distilled vinegar into the drain opening. There will be foaming as the products react. That reaction helps to loosen debris so it is …Allow the baking soda and salt to soak in the drain for at least a few hours or overnight. 3. In the morning, boil 2 cups of water and carefully pour the boiling water down your drain. 4. If the drain starts to drain, flush it with hot tap water for several minutes to ensure that any residue in the drain is removed. 5.Sep 13, 2022 ... Put about a cupful of baking soda into the drain, followed by about a cup of vinegar. Allow the mixture to fizz, then rinse with first hot ...The process for deep cleaning nasty smelling Norwex rags looks like this: Soak with vinegar in a pot of hot water; Wash with just vinegar; 2nd wash with just baking soda (if rags still stink at all, or if they have a vinegar scent!) dry on low setting; Step 1: Hand wash in the sink to get out chunky, gunky, slimy, nasties.Contaminated Water. In rare cases, the water is the source of the rotten egg smell instead of the shower drain. If you suspect the water is the problem, take a sample and send it to a local lab for testing. Raw sewage may have seeped into the home water source or the water may have high sulphate levels, which will …empty when you clean it in this way. If you don’t like the smell of vinegar, add a few drops of an essential oil to the. vinegar. 4. Run the dishwasher on the longest cycle.Sep 18, 2023 · Begin this process by measuring out about half a cup of baking soda and one cup of vinegar. Sprinkle the baking soda into the disposal, then let it sit for about 30 minutes. This gives the baking soda the chance to absorb odors and loosen any stuck-on grime. Next, pour the vinegar into the garbage disposal and allow the mixture to work for ... Aug 12, 2011 ... Unclog a drain with Baking Soda and Vinegar · Pour 3/4-1 cup of baking soda in the drain. · Pour 1/2 cup vinegar in the drain and immediately .....Dispense 1 cup of vinegar down the drain. One cup of vinegar should be poured down the drain. Vinegar is a natural acid that will help break down the clog and loosen debris. Cover the drain with a rag, plate, or sink stopper to prevent fumes from escaping. Cover the drain with a rag, plate, or sink stopper to prevent fumes from escaping.Mix a solution of warm water and a few drops of dishwashing liquid. Dip a microfiber cloth in the solution, and wring out most of the water. Wipe away dust, grime, and laundry product drips from the top and sides of the washer. Pay extra attention to knobs and electronic panels. Open the lid and dip an old …Clean and Freshen the Drain . Remove odors and small amounts of debris clinging to the sides of the dishwasher drain: Add 1/4 cup of baking soda to the drain. Then, pour 1/2 cup of distilled vinegar into the drain opening. There will be foaming as the products react. That reaction helps to loosen debris so it is …Mar 24, 2021 ... If the vinegar on its own didn't do the trick, you can also try combining it with some baking soda. First, pour half a cup of baking soda ...Shake the box of baking soda directly over the sink, or use a spoon to pick up a little bit at a time and sprinkle it around. 3. Scrub the baking soda with a sponge in a circular motion. Use a damp sponge to gently buff the baking soda into your sink. Go with the direction of the grain of your sink.Baking soda and vinegar is the best way to unclog a sink drain. Use ½ cup baking soda, ½ cup vinegar, and a bucket of hot water to unclog your sink drain. Pour hot water down the drain. Pour baking soda, followed by vinegar, into the drain, cover the drain with the drain plug, and wait for five to ten …To clean a garbage disposal, add baking soda and vinegar in the disposal, let sit for 10 minutes, and then flush with water. Repeat as needed to get rid of grime and odors. Business Insider logo1Mix the salt & baking soda and pour into drain. 2. Wait 15 minutes then ” slowly ” pour 2 cups almost boiling water down the drain. 4If it seems to be draining well, then repeat this every two weeks or once a month, or every other month as necessary. 5If it still seems sluggish then repeat.1. Cleaning drains with vinegar and baking soda. Cleaning drains with baking soda and vinegar works best. This can unclog the sink. Step 1. Drip about 2 liters or more boiling hot water at night. Do not use the sink and leave on for about an hour. Step 2 . Blend 2 cups of vinegar and 1 cup of baking soda and …Dump in about 1/2 c. baking soda. Let that sit for a few minutes. Then, pour a mixture of 1 c. vinegar and 1. c very hot water down on top of the baking soda. Cover with a drain plug (to keep the reaction down below the drain surface) if you have one and let it sit for 5-10 minutes. Flush one more time with a pot of …Make a solution with one tablespoon of baking soda, two tablespoons of white vinegar and a cup of water. Use a brush or a cloth to apply the mixture to the …Make a solution with one tablespoon of baking soda, two tablespoons of white vinegar and a cup of water. Use a brush or a cloth to apply the mixture to the …If the vinegar and baking soda solution did not work for your drains, bond cleaners in Brisbane, recommend using salt instead. To do this, pour dish soap and hot water down the drain and add 1 cup of baking soda. Next, add ½ cup of salt to your drain and use a stopper to let this solution work overnight. You can clear the drain in the morning ...Jan 18, 2021 · Pour the boiling water down the drain, followed by the baking soda, and lastly, the warm cup of vinegar. Cover the drain, and let the solution sit for roughly 10 minutes. Boil another two cups of water on the stove, and after 10 minutes, pour the extremely hot water down the drain to flush out any remaining chunks and stench. Step 4: Pour boiling water down the drain again. The bubbling reaction from the baking soda and vinegar helps to loosen the drain clog, and the boiling water in step 4 helps remove it from your pipes. Baking soda and vinegar can serve as a natural solution to unclog and clean a stinky drain. Ready for the science behind how it works? May 23, 2020 · Step 1: With the disposal and faucet turned off, put six ice cubes in the chamber followed by 1 tablespoon of baking soda, three thin lemon slices, and 1 teaspoon of bleach. Top it all off with ... Apr 4, 2019 ... A few are: baking soda and vinegar, hydrogen peroxide, and bleach. If you are using baking soda, you should pour between half to one cup of ...Using Bicarb And Vinegar To Clear Blocked Drains. Steps To Unclog Drains With Baking Soda And Vinegar. Step One: Boil water in a saucepan. Step Two: Create and use your cleaning solution. Step Three: Close the drain plug. Step Four: Pour boiling water down the drain. How To Defeat Stubborn Clogs.1Mix the salt & baking soda and pour into drain. 2. Wait 15 minutes then ” slowly ” pour 2 cups almost boiling water down the drain. 4If it seems to be draining well, then repeat this every two weeks or once a month, or every other month as necessary. 5If it still seems sluggish then repeat.Apr 4, 2019 ... A few are: baking soda and vinegar, hydrogen peroxide, and bleach. If you are using baking soda, you should pour between half to one cup of ...Make a solution with one tablespoon of baking soda, two tablespoons of white vinegar and a cup of water. Use a brush or a cloth to apply the mixture to the …May 11, 2022 · Flush the drain. Boil a kettle full of water and pour it slowly down the plughole to flush through the drain. Take a pot of baking soda and carefully spoon three or four teaspoons of the neutral ... Baking soda, also known as sodium bicarbonate, is a versatile ingredient that can be found in almost every household. While it is commonly used for baking and cleaning purposes, it...Dec 14, 2023 · Cleaning a Stinky Drain With Vinegar and Baking Soda . Pour Baking Soda and Vinegar Mixture . Combine one cup of distilled white vinegar and one cup of boiling water in a large measuring cup or bowl. Pour one-half cup of baking soda down the drain, followed by the vinegar and hot water mixture. Mix ½ cup baking soda with ¼ cup table salt. Pour the mixture down the drain along with 1 cup heated vinegar. After it foams and bubbles, let it stand for 15 minutes (waiting longer will not ...With water and about ½ box of baking soda, stir to create a paste that is just slightly runny. Dip a clean, soft cloth or sponge into the paste and rub it on the tarnished silver. Leave the paste ...Can baking soda save the environment? Learn why a corporation called Skyonic hopes baking soda will save the environment. Advertisement Global warming has become an accepted part o...May 9, 2023 ... This chemical reaction creates both a fizzy foam and gas that can help break up clogs and clear your drain. However, despite the popularity of ...Using a soft brush or old toothbrush, scrub away any remaining dirt on or around the drain. Be especially vigilant about cleaning around the sides of the drain. …Empty the space under the sink and place a bucket under the trap to catch water and whatever gunk is caught in the trap. Use a wrench to loosen the nuts holding …Sink stopper Optional: plunger How to Clean Drains with Vinegar and Baking Soda If the sink or tub is not draining at all, add enough water to cover the …Baking soda has useful properties and applications as a treatment and additive to medications. However, too much can lead to baking soda poisoning. Sodium bicarbonate — everyday ho...Oct 27, 2022 · Oven cleaner and remove caked-on grease on pans: Sprinkle baking soda on metal pans or surfaces and top with boiling vinegar. Let the mixture sit for 30 minutes. Wipe with a wet sponge. Kill mildew in laundry, particularly towels: Add half a cup of baking soda with the laundry detergent. The best way to remove odors with baking soda is to simply run some hot water down the drain, then put a small amount of baking soda down the drain with a small chaser of water or vinegar. You do not want to put enough vinegar to create a large foaming action. You simply way to get the baking soda down the pipe.2. Boil some water. When you are confident that your drain isn’t clogged, you can then move on to the first step in the cleaning process. And all you need to do is boil some water. Pop on your best kettle and boil around four cups of water before pouring the whole thing down your shower drain.The kitchen sink and garbage disposal: Tetro recommends putting five tablespoons of baking soda down the kitchen drain, followed by a cup of vinegar. …Sandals worn with bare feet are particularly susceptible to odors and are particularly stubborn when it comes to freeing them from odors. Prepare a Plastic Bag: Place 1/2 cup of baking soda into a large zip-top bag. Insert the Shoes: Place the sandals in the plastic bag and seal it. Shake the Bag: Shaking the bag will …Jan 5, 2024 · Moisten the baking soda so it sticks to the inside of the drain. Drip the water slowly and gently to avoid washing the baking soda down the sink. Alternatively, moisten the baking soda with a fine mist of warm water from a spray bottle. 3. Let the moist baking soda sit for 1-2 hours. Lemon Peels. Lemons are a great household cleaner and can be used to freshen your garbage disposal throughout the week, says Coleman. Turn off your garbage disposal's electrical source. Peel a few lemons, or use rinds from lemons you have already juiced. Place them in the garbage disposal and grind them up. …Method 2: Baking Soda and Vinegar. One of the most popular tricks for cleaning a smelly drain is to use baking soda, vinegar, and hot water. This natural …The best way to remove odors with baking soda is to simply run some hot water down the drain, then put a small amount of baking soda down the drain with a small chaser of water or vinegar. You do not want to put enough vinegar to create a large foaming action. You simply way to get the baking soda down the pipe.Remove your sink's drain cover and give it a rinse to get rid of any large pieces of debris. Grab a bowl or container and fill it with enough vinegar to cover the …The combination of both ingredients will work together to clean and deodorize the drain effectively. Additionally, using baking soda and hydrogen peroxide is a safe and eco-friendly alternative to chemical drain cleaners. When to Call a Plumber. While using hydrogen peroxide and baking soda to clean a …May 28, 2022 · Cleaning the Disposal with Vinegar. 1. Scrub the rubber flaps with a baking soda and vinegar paste. Mix 2 parts vinegar to 1 part baking soda in a bowl. Use an old toothbrush to scrub the drain and rubber flaps with the paste. [19] 2. Pour ice cubes down the disposal. To clean a garbage disposal, add baking soda and vinegar in the disposal, let sit for 10 minutes, and then flush with water. Repeat as needed to get rid of grime and odors. Business Insider logoSlow-running or smelly drains can be easily cleaned with household products like baking soda, distilled white vinegar, or chlorine bleach. One caution: …Run Empty Dishwasher Cycles with Vinegar and Baking Soda. These natural yet potent cleaners can work wonders on your smelly dishwasher. As the final step in the deep-cleaning process, run two separate cycles—one with vinegar, and another with baking soda—to eliminate any lingering odors. For the first cycle, place a … Baking soda and vinegar come in handy to help keep the pipes clog-free, too. Every few weeks, or whenever the water seems slow to drain, pour 1/2 cup baking soda in the drain, followed by 1/2 cup vinegar. Plug the hole, then unplug it after 1 hour. Pour boiling water down the drain after that to help clear greasy substances. Pour a pot of boiling water down the drain to loosen any debris. Pour 1/2 cup of baking soda down the drain. Pour 1 cup of vinegar down the drain. Cover the drain with a plug or rag to prevent the mixture from bubbling. Wait 10-15 minutes. Pour another pot of boiling water down the drain to remove the mixture.The kitchen sink and garbage disposal: Tetro recommends putting five tablespoons of baking soda down the kitchen drain, followed by a cup of vinegar. …Jan 30, 2024 · To get the same effect naturally, juice a lemon or use pre-made lemon juice to clean your drain. Paired with baking soda, this can make an excellent deodorizer. Follow these simple steps below. Use a mixture of ½ cup of lemon juice and ½ cup of baking soda. Pour the mixture down the drain. Allow the mixture to sit for an hour, if possible. Crunching the numbers behind the chemical reaction shows that after the fizz subsides, over 99% of the added baking soda remains. So the active cleaning agent here is …The combination of vinegar and baking soda begins to fizz and helps break up any congealed grease in your drain. Pour one cup of baking soda and then two cups of white vinegar down your drain and wait 10 minutes. Flush it away with hot water and then repeat the process if needed.Jul 26, 2021 · Baking soda has a pH of 9, while vinegar has a pH of 2, according to the U.S. Geological Survey. Cleaning one-two punch As a base, baking soda dissolves organic compounds like dirt, grease and ... May 28, 2022 · Cleaning the Disposal with Vinegar. 1. Scrub the rubber flaps with a baking soda and vinegar paste. Mix 2 parts vinegar to 1 part baking soda in a bowl. Use an old toothbrush to scrub the drain and rubber flaps with the paste. [19] 2. Pour ice cubes down the disposal. tb1234. Combine the salt, ice, and lemon juice in a bowl and run them through your garbage disposal the same way as food waste. Use the entire mixture, then run a cold water rinse through the disposal for at least 30 seconds. If the drain smell continues, prepare another batch until the blades are clean and odor-free.The Mrs Hinch Ritual For Cleaning Your Sink and Plug Holes. First step, clear the entire sink and wipe it down with some form of pine spray or gel disinfectant. Step two, dump loads of baking soda into the drain before pouring white vinegar spray over the top of it. Step three, after 15 minutes have passed, pour boiling water …May 23, 2020 · Step 1: With the disposal and faucet turned off, put six ice cubes in the chamber followed by 1 tablespoon of baking soda, three thin lemon slices, and 1 teaspoon of bleach. Top it all off with ... Mar 28, 2021 ... Combine 1 cup of vinegar, 1 cup of very hot water, and 1 half cup of baking soda and pour the mixture down the drain.
Wrap the cloth around your shower head and tie it in place, making sure the cloth is touching the area where the water comes out. Let it sit for about a half hour. Remove the cloth and scrub the shower head with a paste made from a cup of baking soda and a few tablespoons of vinegar. Rinse and repeat as needed.. What is a wireless access point
Mix up a fresh batch of baking soda and vinegar in about 1 part baking soda to 2 parts vinegar. Shake the bottle well and wait for the carbon dioxide bubbling action to stop. Spray it directly onto the mold and wait for about 10 minutes. Then use a clean cloth to wipe away the mold.Bathroom drain treatment with baking soda and vinegar has been used for many years as a less toxic alternative to chemical cleaners. To clean a minor clog in the bathroom drain, it is recommended to use vinegar with baking soda as follows: Step 01: Prepare your materials. Step 02: Boil water. Step 03: …Shake the box of baking soda directly over the sink, or use a spoon to pick up a little bit at a time and sprinkle it around. 3. Scrub the baking soda with a sponge in a circular motion. Use a damp sponge to gently buff the baking soda into your sink. Go with the direction of the grain of your sink.Spoon 1 cup baking soda slowly into the drain. Allow the baking soda to sit for a few minutes. Next, pour 1 cup white vinegar down the drain. Cover the opening as the vinegar and baking soda create a foam. Alternatively, you can use apple cider vinegar or lemon juice to replace white vinegar.With vinegar, hot water and baking soda you can make your own drain cleaner to unclog the sink in no time. Gather these ingredients: ½ cup ARM & HAMMER™ Baking ...Sep 18, 2023 · Begin this process by measuring out about half a cup of baking soda and one cup of vinegar. Sprinkle the baking soda into the disposal, then let it sit for about 30 minutes. This gives the baking soda the chance to absorb odors and loosen any stuck-on grime. Next, pour the vinegar into the garbage disposal and allow the mixture to work for ... Many drain cleaning products contain sodium hydroxide (lye and caustic soda). It’s highly corrosive and can burn eyes, skin and lungs. Long-term exposure may lead to ulceration of the nasal passages and chronic skin irritation. Prevention is the key to keeping your drains clear: 1. Use a drain basket or screen to keep hair and food scraps out. 2.Pour 1/4 cup of baking soda down your drain, followed by 1 cup of distilled white vinegar. The resulting bubbling reaction naturally eliminates odor-causing …Drop ¼ cup of baking soda down the drain and turn on the garbage disposal for a few seconds. Allow baking soda to sit for 10 minutes. Add 1 cup of vinegar. Allow the vinegar and baking soda combination to fizz for a few minutes. Rinse with hot water and run the garbage disposal for another few seconds. Fill …Baking soda; Vinegar; Boiling water; Measuring cups; A rag or drain stopper; Step 2: Clear the Drain. You’ll need to keep drains clean while you’re using this home remedy – plus, it never hurts to remove food particles and hair clumps from the bottom of the sink. After all, other debris in the drain catch is one of the most …Pour one litre of water into the drain. The dishwashing liquid and boiling water pre-clean and degrease the drain by washing down grime and dust. After pre-cleaning, perform the main clean by pouring a cup of baking soda into the drain. Wait 2 minutes then pour a cup of white vinegar. Both ingredients will react together to neutralise one ...Not only does this method completely clean the P-trap but it also completely removes the bad smell. This is how to clean a P-trap using baking soda, vinegar and boiling water: Drain standing water. If there is standing water in the fixture whose P-trap you want to clean, start by draining away the water. You want the solution to get straight ...Feb 1, 2024 · Empty the space under the sink and place a bucket under the trap to catch water and whatever gunk is caught in the trap. Use a wrench to loosen the nuts holding the trap and empty the trap into the bucket. Flush the P-trap with water in another sink and put it back in place. Repeat the baking soda, vinegar, and hot water flush of the sink. Nov 30, 2023 · One method to freshen a disposal is to add citrus peels and ice cubes, turn on the cold water, and run the disposal for 30 seconds. If the natural cleaning products didn't remove all of the odor, treat the garbage disposal with a diluted chlorine bleach solution. Never use undiluted bleach because it can damage disposal components. Lemon Peels. Lemons are a great household cleaner and can be used to freshen your garbage disposal throughout the week, says Coleman. Turn off your garbage disposal's electrical source. Peel a few lemons, or use rinds from lemons you have already juiced. Place them in the garbage disposal and grind them up. …Steps. Put 2 tablespoons of baking soda in a small bowl and add enough vinegar to make a thick paste. While the mixture is still bubbling, apply to the stain and …Add the lemon juice: Slowly pour the lemon juice on top of the baking soda. Brace yourself for some action: This will cause a fizzy, bubbly chemical reaction. Cover and wait: Use your tub stopper or a rag to cover the drain, and wait. Give the mixture enough time to work, about a half hour, and keep it covered the …Pour the baking soda directly down the drain, and then pour the half cup of vinegar down. Place a rag or a plug on top to ensure the baking soda solution works inside the drain area and the fizzing does not escape and lose its effectiveness. While the baking soda and vinegar are working, boil at least two …Kitchen Clean Stinky Drain With Vinegar and Baking Soda [Proper Method] Fact Checked By Minhazul Abedin December 10, 2022 A stinky drain can be a ….